Its highly recommended not to use the SharePoint on Client OS,but often developer or learner wanted to play on their personal computer.
Here,I gone through many helpful sites for installing the SharePoint 2010 on Windows 8, and its not helps as much as so simple.
Be sure you are using the Windows 8 64 bit.
- Install "Filter Pack" [You can find it on "Prerequisites" folder in SP installation folder].
- Activate the Windows Features , Windows Identity Framework 3.5 and IIS.
- Install the Visual Studio 2010 (Custom) and choose SQL Express.
- After this restart your PC and run the SharePoint setup.exe file.